Therefore, it can be studied alone or in a church Bible study setting. There are many recent books written by Christians about Islam, and there are many books written recently about radical Islam. However, none of these recent books attempts to do what has been done, which is to give an adequate portrayal of Islam, critiqued by history and Christian doctrine, and then culminating in an extensive evaluation of the rise of Radical Islam from a Christian's perspective.
Yet, within two centuries of Europeans' arrival in the Indian Ocean in , long-distance trade throughout Eurasia was mainly taken over by them. This allowed them to transform trade from an enterprise dominated by many small traders moving goods over short segments to a vertically integrated firm that was able to control goods from their origin to the end consumers. This rise of the business corporation proved essential for the economic rise of Europe.
Why did the corporation arise indigenously only in Europe, and given its effective organization of long-distance trade, why wasn't it mimicked by other Eurasian civilizations for years? Harris closely examines the role played by forms of organization in the transformation of Eurasian trade between and , comparing the organizational forms that were used in four major civilizations: Chinese, Indian, Middle Eastern, and Western European.
Through this comparative perspective, he argues that the organizational design of the EIC and VOC, the first long-lasting joint-stock corporations, enabled large-scale multilateral impersonal cooperation for the first time in human history. He also argues that this new organizational form enabled the English and Dutch to deploy more capital, more ships, more voyages, and more agents than other organizational forms" Sie war unter ihrem ersten Direktor C.
Becker das erste wissenschaftliche Zentrum in Deutschland, in dem die Lehre und Forschung sich auf die historischen und kulturwissenschaftlichen und nicht allein die philologischen Aspekte bei der Erforschung der islamischen Welt konzentrierte. Author : Aaron W. Hughes Publisher: Columbia University Press ISBN: Category : Religion Languages : en Pages : Get Book Book Description Rather than focus solely on theological concerns, this well-rounded introduction takes an expansive view of Islamic ideology, culture, and tradition, sourcing a range of historical, sociological, and literary perspectives.
Neither overly critical nor apologetic, this book reflects the rich diversity of Muslim identities across the centuries and counters the unflattering, superficial portrayals of Islam that are shaping public discourse today. How can Gerrha be not much of a port when Crone writes that by the first century A.
Why would the Ethiopians wish to control both sides of the straits if the other side had already lost its importance? My conclusion is that neither the Yemen not the land route towards it could be neglected by the Byzantines. Otherwise, a glimpse on the map reveals that the ships from India with products intended for the Arabian Peninsula or Africa would rather choose for the shorter straight route from India to Yemen, than the long way to the head of the Persian Gulf mentioned by Crone.
Crone gives rather the impression that a cargo intended for Syria would be transported from India by one entrepreneur which is again rare even in our times. Moreover, the development of alternative transportation means has never completely eliminated the previous ones and they usually exist side by side, each chosen in crisis and under different circumstances.
Another subject was the Persian taxation. According to Ibrahim, the eastern shore of the peninsula provided disembarkation points from which goods could be transported to Mesopotamia and Syria without incurring Persian taxation. Not only many people were involved in trade, both inside and outside of the peninsula, but taxes would be avoided unless the shipment was intended for Persia.
When studying the Islamic literature, Crone acknowledges in one point that Meccans could sail to Ethiopia directly. Later she considers crossing the sea to seem unsatisfactory since she intends to deny Meccan trade with Ethiopia. But then in chapter 6 she informs us of the existence of Yemeni traders active in Mecca. It could include Meccan traders too. While Crone says that trade with Ethiopia did not play a major role in the Meccan economy,31 it is peculiar that the diasporas choose for this trade.
The rulers were allied to inland tribes as mentioned by Crone since according to Ibrahim the tribal chiefs were the link between the ruling groups and the rest of the population. But neither inheritance nor awareness of one as Arab which is very difficult to prove without psychological tests! Products Crone mentions in chapter two that the two most important trees which produce real frankincense, are native of south Arabia and east Africa.
Frankincense was used in east and west and in religious ceremonies, food, perfume, medicine. Since she has treated the product extensively I will briefly discuss each product. Concerning Cancamum and tarum, the products are attested to have been exported from south Arabia until the medieval Muslim times but according to Crone they were never of much importance in the Greco-Roman world.
No reference is given for this claim which moreover says nothing of the importance of their trade elsewhere in the world. Ibrahim, p. In any case, the perfume obtained from the plant was extremely expensive50 and the price rather than the smell or taste or inferiority seems a stronger cause of the hesitation of the clients to import it.
Some statements need some knowledge of Chemistry. Besides, not every substance is added to incense for smell. Other characteristics like the duration of burning or reducing its burning temperature, etc. In chapter three the value of Arabian and Yemeni products seems to be underestimated by Crone. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. Meccan trade and the rise of Islam Item Preview.
EMBED for wordpress. Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! Pointing out that the conventional opinion is based on classical accounts of the trade between south Arabia and the Mediterranean some years earlier than the age of Muhammad, Dr.
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